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The group operated from a building near the embassy, and collected information on hundreds of Norwegian citizens, whose details were added to a database called Security Incident Management Analysis System, SIMAS. One nation that has adopted a sanguine reaction to the U. Surveillance activities in Scandinavia. The cooperation between the U. The Norwegian and Swedish governments have demanded answers to questions from U. Embassy in Oslo. On Monday when I asked you, you said that the Norwegian Government was aware of these activities.

They say they are not. Embassies, whether they are the embassies of other governments. So we have a program where we look carefully to make to evaluate if we believe our Embassy is under observation and potentially under threat. We share that information across the United States Government.

But as appropriate, we share that information with our host government partners. The essence of addressing this challenge which confronts the United States and other countries in the West is the very kind of intelligence cooperation and law enforcement cooperation that has been a hallmark of our alliances for a number of years.

But everything that we do is fully consistent with our security arrangements that we have with any host nation government anywhere in the world, including Norway. At this point, I would just refer further questions back to our Embassy in Norway. Embassy spying on civilians has been going on for the past 10 years, since Diplomatic Missions abroad all U.

Embassies and consulates. SIMAS Reports typically contain a detailed narrative description of the suspicious activity prompting the report, available suspicious persons and vehicle descriptors, and other identification data as may be available e. Reports also indicate date, time and location of suspicious activity, and may include amplifying comments from relevant Bureau offices.

Even U. All types of information may not be collected on each specific group of individuals. However, it may be possible for all forms of PII to be collected on an individual. Agencies have access to the data but so also do foreign nationals.

Not anymore! Today we have "instant-detection-send-and-response" phased array-radars. They give us an even better, faster and more accurate situation report. What took minutes before, take seconds and fraction of a second today. Space Fence is protecting our freedom in a much more reliable and sophistical way than before, and the best part it's here to stay!

We thank the United States of America! Remain alert folks! Keep your eyes and ears open! Fight terrorism, domestic and foreign, at least in your spirit. Have a good day. Space Fence The Space Fence program is a new acquisition that will produce three world-wide-dispersed radar sites. The radars will provide the ability to perform un-cued tracking of small objects at low and medium orbital altitudes. In , the Navy transferred the program to the Air Force. In the intervening years, the Air Force has refined the require-ments for the program to make the resulting radars more capable than a simple VHF Fence replacement.

The program is in concept development, with an expected IOC for the first site of The radar is located in Vardo Norway. It is one of five wide-band imaging radars in the SSN. These SLEPs include, but are not limited to, programs that extend the serviceable life of assets and maintain critical capability by replacing aging and increasingly unsustain- able components with modern equipment.

SLEPs may incorporate equipment which inher-ently includes technological advances resulting in enhanced or increased capabilities. In addition, the SLEP itself may be designed to increase certain capabilities. As the need arises in the execution year, funds in this project may be used to begin sensor life extension programs on additional efforts. While there, it observed several intercontinental ballistic missile ICBM flight tests a as well as two non-intercept tests of the kill vehicle for U.

A radar named Globus, had been operated since the s by Norway at Vardo, in cooperation with the U. Air Force, and was used to monitor Soviet and Russian ballistic missile flight tests. Outside observers have argued that Globus II is likely to be used to gather information on Russian ballistic missile tests, and that such information could be useful for ballistic missile defense. It is situated in a region of taiga, or flat terrain with boreal pine forests.

The warhead is said to successfully reach its target at Kura. Below Plesets Cosmodrome. Fish and Wildlife Service and is operated by the U. Air Force. It was a very unusual place. It is the only place I have ever heard of where one can experience heavy fog, tremendous winds, and snow, sleet, or rain all at once. We once endured a storm where the wind speed was measured at mph when the anemometer blew away.

I would not have traded my experience there for anything, although I did not appreciate it nearly as much then as I do now. Shemya Island has been developed by the military and continues to operate as an Intelligence Radar site whose principal purpose involves monitoring space and mis-sile activities.

Eareckson Air Station is an isolated self-contained military installation, and it has no surrounding communities. Established in May of as a forward operating base for long-range bomber aircraft of the US Army Air Force to conduct bombing missions on Japanese positions in the Kurile Islands, the base was heavily utilized until war's end, with the present-day runway being added to the airfield to support the operations a planned squadron of B Superfortresses flying missions ag-ainst mainland Japan as part of Operation Downfall.

Aegis warships capable of long-range surveillance and tracking and missile intercepts. Sea-based X-band radar now located in the Pacific Ocean to support flight testing and actual defensive operations. This data will cover the entire trajectory of the missiles, and will be of primal value to a U. NMD system. Eareckson AS is located on the western tip of Alaska's Aleutian islands. The radar has the ability to detect objects about 2, miles away, and provides data for the Space Surveillance Network and the Ballistic Missile Defense System.

Cobra Dane will continue to be operated by a contract workforce, and no military personnel will be assigned to the unit at Eareckson Air Station. This northern-most region sweeps through Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia with its northern borders pointed directly towards the humongous Barents Sea. The region is the arctic part of the European Mainland Continent where it suddenly drops down in the ocean and disappears.

This abrupt ending of mainland Europe into the ice cold and deep Barents Sea, is a dramatic confirmation of the geological processes that once have taken place here, and a stern reminder to us uber civilized souls that all things must come to an end. Particularly during the winter months between November, December and January.

At an angle of degrees, bearing West-North-East — lasting three hours maximum, before gray turned to pitch-black darkness again. And to be there and to experience it, is "to be on the Moon" — Gone are the modern metropolises in shining glass, towering concrete and beaming lights of all kinds, from all directions at the same time. Here, up north at the very edge of civilization, nature speaks directly to you - and you listen carefully!

And so it goes. From one stop northwards to the next stop. Snow falling, ship maneuvering slowly through sometimes shallow straits. The captains on these coastal ferries are themselves sons of captains, who also maneuvered these ships. Big sand banks outstretched beneath the hull move around, and the narrow passages above are maneuvered with maximum alertness.

This is a spectacle to observe, not to argue with. Traveling in the winter along the Norwegian coast is an investment in psychological awareness and depth, a unique chance to experience life in shades of gray and faint-color light. On 19th of October, a rainy city in Northern Russia welcomed travelers from all across the Barents countries and beyond. The historical city of Arkhangelsk once again had something to show to the world — a relationship of four nations and their cooperation remarkable to the people living in the North.

And the cold! Between till , wind not included. Bring a very thick winter coat! People along the coast come on board to look — invite you for coffee. They did with me! That is only in the winter when the ferry is half full, or one third full, depending.

On board, the food is excellent, and when crossing the Polar Circle, you will be baptized with ice water in front of cheering dinner guests in the spacious dining room. And that water is freezing! Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates and wife Becky are greeted by Air Force Lt. Dana T. The Pacific Regional Medical Center moved from Clark to Elmendorf and construction of a new, greatly expanded hospital began in In , the 21st Tactical Fighter Wing was reorganized as an objective wing and all the major tenant units on Elmendorf were placed under it.

This was in keeping with the Air Force's polices of retaining the oldest and most illustrious units during a period of major force reductions. It was also an alternative landing site for the Space Shuttle. Gates talks to U. Army Col.

George Bond, Missile Defense Agency's top officer at the ground based interceptor missile facilities in Alaska, June 1, DoD photo by U. Air Force Master Sgt. Gates climbs down into a ground-based interceptor missile silo on Fort Greely, Alaska, June 1, Despite this you probably never heard of it nor the Army National Guard Soldiers who "pull the lanyard.

There is one system operated by the Army National Guard however, that dwarfs any of its nearest competitors. The GMD system is the ultimate "smart weapon. In order to do this the missile must reach an escape velocity of more than 6. This hypersonic speed is several times what a 7. To put it another way, it reaches a speed of approximately Mach From there, the EKV seeks out the target using multi-color sensors, a cutting-edge onboard computer, and a series of rocket motors used for independent steering in space.

The EKV homes in on its target with pinpoint accuracy and destroys it using nothing more than the force of a massive collision hit to kill without the need of a traditional warhead or explosives. It is like hitting a bullet with a bullet, but these bullets are launched thous- ands of miles apart and are moving at Mach It is ferociously complicated, but it works.

Here's why. GMD is a "system of systems" involving shooters, sensors, and Command, Control and Communication systems. Navy warships, and the massive sea-based X-band Radar. They are responsible for the strategic and tactical level execution of the GMD mission and provide security forces to defend the assets at Fort Greely, Alaska. The Soldiers of the th Missile Defense Brigade are part of a very unique multi-component organization. The th is tasked with conducting a presidentially-directed national security mission to defend the United States against the threat of ICBM attack.

In order to perform their federal mission, all th MDB National Guard Soldiers ope-rate in a "dual status" allowing them to automatically transition between Title 10 fede-ral Active Duty and Title 32 National Guard status. The Soldiers seamlessly transition between these two statuses depending on the duties they are performing or location.

Cragon and Henry N. PetersonThis invention relates to control of a radar involving microwave modular an-tenna, and more particularly to digital phase shift control of a multielement phased array antenna. This invention is particularly advantageous in connection with the construction and operation of airborne radar, but also has important application in ground based and ship based systems.

With this invention, the radar may be operated in any one of the above modes or in several of such modes on a time-sharing basis. Airborne radar systems inherently have a problem of generating high power microwave energy and processing the transmitted and received signals while maintaining high reliability and minimum weight. Major reliability problems in radars have been concerned with components such as rotary joints, servomotors for the antennas, and the like. Restrictions imposed by such components on reliability exist in the most contemporary transistorized radars.

Further, the use of magnetrons for transmitting, klystrons for local oscillator service, and use of high power transmit-receive TR protection devices, all have been found to restrict the reliability of the system. The present invention is directed to an improved radar which may employ solid-state circuitry so constructed that major obstacles heretofore encountered in the development of solid-state radar may be overcome.

A solidstate functional electronic module has been developed for construction of a modular antenna array responsive to beam steering control disclosed in application Ser. Cooke, et al. The Principle of Digital Phase shift 1. The combination set forth in claim 1 in which said first counter is a binary rate counter. The system of claim 1 wherein modulo generators are included in each output of said first counter.

The system of claim 3 wherein each modulo generator includes means to introduce a present count therein with selected reset pulses applied thereto. The method according to claim 7 wherein said first and second trains of pulses are produced simultaneously and wherein said first and second sets are employed sequentially.

The method according to claim 7 wherein said first and second sets of pulses are each connected to modulo- and are thereafter sequentially applied to each said element. A system for dynamically controlling the directional character of at line of elements in a phased antenna which comprises:a separate selectively variable delay means in each of said elements through which radar signals must pass,b means for varying the effective lengths of said delay means,c a first counter having outputs of decreasing order and in number corresponding with the number of elements in said line,d a source of clock pulses,e means for applying said clock pulses to said first counter during a time gate proportional to the desired radiation angle of said line of elements, andf circuit means for transmitting pulses from the output of said counter to said means for varying with correspondence between the locations of elements in said line and the positions of outputs of said counter to vary the eliective lengths of said delay means.

Air Force identifies and tracks objects in space. Click and PlayBelow is an aerial view of the U. The flexibility and sensitivity of the system will provide coverage of deep space geosynchronous orbits while maintaining the survellance fence. Pic: Lockheed Martin. Click and PlayWith critical design review completed, the Space Fence team is focused on production of technology that will bring the system online.

Space Fence will use Gallium Nitride GaN powered S-band ground-based radars to provide the Air Force with uncued detection, tracking and accurate measurement of space objects, primarily in low-earth orbit. Lockheed Martin engineers and U. Air Force personnel are testing and training on a scaled-down version of the system in Moorestown NJ known as the Integration test Bed. The ITB provides the operational context to integrate and test end-item hardware and software prior to installation in the new Space Fence facility on Kwajalein.

The locations and higher wave frequency of the new Space Fence radars will permit the detection of much smaller microsatellites and debris than current systems. The flexibility and sensitivity of the system will provide coverage of deep space geosynchronous orbits while maintaining the surveillance fence. The radar is located in Eglin, Florida and thus sometimes referred to as the Eglin Radar at about Its construction began in , but it was destroyed by fire in before becoming fully operational.

It was rebuilt and began operations in The radar was originally intended only for space surveillance, but in it was also assigned a submarine-launched ballistic missile warning mission. This choice also facilitated simultaneously obtaining multiple narrow receive beams for more precise tracking and a broader transmit beam more suitable for surveillance. Its center frequency is MHz, with a 10 MHz bandwidth. Its wavelength is thus about 0. The transmit antenna is uniformly illuminated and has a 1.

Each of the 5, transmitter element is rated for a peak power of 10 kW and a 0. These give an array peak power of 52 MW and an average power of kW. However, according to a paper the average power of individual elements individual elements varied from 2. The receive antenna is a tapered array with a diameter of 58 m containing 19, crossed dipole elements on a square grid, forming a circular aperture elements in diameter.

There are active receive modules. Its receive beam width is 0. The combined beam width is therefore 0. All nine receive beams are used in search, but only five in track. The FPS operates in time blocks called resource periods, each of which is 50 ms long.

Its maximum bandwidth is 10 MHz. The pulse compression used to obtain greater better range resolution ratio may be as large as 1, OperationsThe FPS initially conducted surveillance using several different radar fences.

A software upgrade left the FPS with only relatively low-elevation radar fences, as the software needed for a higher-elevation fence intended for detecting lower RCS space objects was not funded. By integrating large numbers of pulses, the FPS is capable of tracking previously detected objects at least out to geosynchronous orbit range. It is the only phased-array radar in the U.

Space Surveillance Network capable of tracking objects in geosynchronous orbit the next two largest phased arrays are not oriented so as to be able to view geosynchronous orbit. The FPS assumed a deep space role in November after receiving a range-extension upgrade enabling integration of many pulses. The sensors are a conglomeration of capabil- ities mostly derived from and shared by other missions.

Few of the sensors were developed for the express purpose of conducting space surveillance. The Air Force has recognized that providing warfighters with effective Space Situational Awareness SSA requires a coordi-nated architecture-based approach to establishing and maintaining sensor capabilities. The satellite was built by a team made up of Boeing prime and Ball Aerospace space vehicle.

The development and production contract provides for satellite design, fabrication, delivery, and launch, as well as ground station delivery and post-launch support. SBSS will track objects primarily in deep space orbital period greater than minutes.

However, SBSS will also have the capability to track objects with shorter periods, illumination permitting. The SBSS payload consists of a visible sensor assembly, a gimbal, and payload deck electronics. MIT Lincoln Laboratory is providing program management, integration, supervision of facility construction, and the telescope camera. L-3 Integrated Optical Systems is building the telescope. In , the U. It will be a dedicated sensor in the U. The tele-scope is designed to find, fix, track, and characterize faint objects.

It is the most dynamically agile telescope of its size ever built. It provides the first major technology push for deep space surveillance in over three decades. The powerful device will be built in Exmouth as part of an agreement between Australia and the United States. It will contribute to the US global Space Surveillance Network, which provides warnings to all satellite operators of potential collisions with other satellites or debris. David Johnston, Defense Minister Australia The construction costs of the telescope will be shared and it will be located at the Harold Holt naval communications facility.

Defence Minister David Johnston says the telescope will focus on protecting satellites from space junk and will be operating in And here we are. Below is transcript of the radio talk with Defense Minister David Johnston. While the telescope will track asteroids and space debris, the Australian Defence Minister insists it will not be used for spying, despite having the ability to do so. The telescope has been moved to the Harold Holt naval communications facility at Exmouth.

Here's AM's Caitlyn Gribbin. Now, it's getting a space surveillance telescope. They came to us and we said well why don't we put it at Exmouth? And they said that's a good idea. The construction costs will be shared and the telescope, which will monitor space debris, will be operating in Those radio waves reflect off bits of space junk and the reflected waves are received by the telescope.

And the telescope basically tracks the space junk, predicts its orbit and is there to try and help prevent collisions between the space junk and satellites. Senator Johnston says it's in the national interest to build the telescope in WA. Do you have any concerns about that? I'm very much aware that this is for the general use of satellites that are largely civil in their output. It was a very short document. It was about the surveillance of space debris.

It doesn't look at Earth. It looks out from Earth into the outer atmosphere so that it's, you know, it's focused on things that are in the line of travel of satellites. So broadly speaking, it's in the same class of instruments but its specific purpose is to do radar for space junk.

The telescope is still under construction. SST will see first light in late DARPA testing will occur in and It provides timely and accurate metric tracking and space object identification data. Although primarily a near-Earth sensor, it is the only dedicated, high-capacity phased array radar with both near-Earth and deep-space capability. It is the primary tracker of low-inclination objects, and of objects that transit the manned-spaceflight regime.

It has the capability to track most near-Earth objects once per day. This makes the operation of the FPS critical to the safety of manned space-flight. The SLEP will extend the operation of the radar until and will provide the ground work for future updates to the radar. Haystack operates today at X-band, with one GHz of bandwidth. The upgrade will add the capability to operate at W-band with eight MHz of bandwidth. This will enable finer characterization of satellites, and characterization of smaller satellites than possible today.

Operation at W-band requires replacement of the current Haystack antenna. Because of this, Haystack will be down from operations from May until August A smaller antenna, which is being used to test the W-band RF components, is producing images and will be available for limited operations during this time. It provides the most accurate tracking of any space surveillance radar.

Radar development began in The radar was fielded in Norway in , making it 11 years old at IOC. Extended down-times for emergency maintenance are expected in the time frame. The US needs to provide effective protection for space systems.

The first step in doing this is to provide effective tactical and strategic situ-ational awareness. This is the most effective and efficient way to integrate a variety of sen-sors and other instruments on a broad set of satellites. SASSA will begin with a tech-nical demonstration and will proceed with methodical risk re-duction activities over the subsequent several years.

It will produce an integrated set of flight hardware that will be operated on-orbit, providing a test bed to allow continued interface testing with new instruments. The interface specification will be developed to enable future technology investments. It will establish policy for future space protection activities.

SASSA will end with a finalized busi-ness strategy to guide future activities. An eventual SASSA acquisition program and beyond will encompass full-scale production of a standardized protection capability. The goal is integrated on-board awareness and protection capabilities for all US space systems. As the foundation for space control, SSA encompasses intelligence on adversary space operations; surveillance of all space objects and activities; detailed reconnais-sance of specific space assets; monitoring space environmental conditions; monitoring cooperative space assets; and conducting integrated command, control, communications, processing, analysis, dissemination, and archiving activities.

Program Element F, Space Situational Awareness Operations, fields, upgrades, operates and maintains Air Force sensors and information integration capabilities within the SSA network while companion program element F, Space Situation Awareness Systems, develops new network sensors and improved information integration capabilities across the network. Activities funded in the SSA Operations program element focus on surveillance of objects in earth orbit to aid tasks including satellite tracking; space object identification; tracking and cataloging; satellite attack warning; notification of satellite flyovers to U.

Forces; space treaty monitoring; and technical intelligence gathering. The bombers can carry various modifications of the Kh, AS and Kh cruise mis-siles and gravity bombs. Russia operates two satellites of the new-generation early-warning system, EKS, and a network of early-warning radars. The satellite, Cosmos, is currently undergoing tests. Second spacecraft, Cosmos, was launched in May The early-warning satellites were transmitting information in real time to the Western command centers at Serpukhov, near Kurilovo, Kaluga oblast and Eastern center near Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

The information is processed there and transmitted to the command center in Solnechnogorsk. The main command center of the system and the battle-management radar are located in Sofri-no Moscow oblast. The command center of the system and its radar are undergoing a soft- ware upgrade.

The system includes the Don-2N battle-management phased-array radar, command center, and 68 short-range interceptors of the 53T6 Gazelle type. The 32 long-range 51T6 Gorgon interceptors have been removed from the system. The short-range interceptors are deployed at five sites -- Lytkarino 16 interceptors, Sofrino 12, Korolev 12 Skhodnya 16, and Vnukovo Long-range missiles used to be deployed with two units with headquart-ers in Naro-Fominsk and Sergiyev Posad The system was accepted for service in Space surveillanceSpace surveillance system is operated by the Main space-surveillance command center.

To monitor objects on low earth orbits and determines parameters of their orbits, the system uses the the early-warning radar network. The space surveillance network also includes the Krona system at Zelenchukskaya in the North Caucasus, which includes dedicated X-band space surveillance radars. Another system of this type is being deployed near Nakhodka on the Far East.

To monitor objects on high-altitude orbits, the space-surveillance system uses optical obser-vations. The main optical observation station, Okno, is located in Nurek, Tajikistan. Its tele-scopes allow detection of object at altitudes of up to 40, km. The station began operat-ions in Space-surveillance tasks are also assigned to observatories of the Russian Aca-demy of Sciences.

In addition, three radars--Baranovichi, Murmansk, and Pechora--have been "upgraded. Barnaul and Yeniseisk are Voronezh-DM. The radar in Baranovichi which is in Belarus is an old one-of-a-kind Volga radar. The Daryal radar in Pechora is even older - it's one of the two original Daryal radars built in the s.

Construction of new radar, probably of the Voronezh-VP kind, began there earlier this year. As we can see, the upgrade of the early-warning radar network has been a very successful program. The space segment of the early-warning system, in contrast, appears to be behind the schedule.

It appears to be undergoing tests. The new armament program calls for deployment of ten satellites of the EKS system by , but this plan does not seem particularly realistic. It should be noted, however, that for Russia the space-based segment of the early-warning system is not as as critical as for the United States, since it could never really rely on the "dual phenomenology" approach adopted by the United States.

This is illustrated on this figure: It shows that in some scenarios SLBMs launched from the Atlantic, satellites don't add much to the warning time. In any event, since Russia doesn't have forward-deployed radars, the radar warning comes to late to provide a useful check of the satellite informa-tion.

To deal with the situation, the Soviet Union developed a different mechanism that allowed it to wait for signs of the actual attack such as nuclear explosions before launching its missiles. The arrangement is often referred to as the Dead Hand, since it does involve a certain predelegation of authority as well as the mechanism that ensures that decapitation does not prevent retaliation.

The system, however, is not automatic that idea was nixed in the s and requires humans to be involved in the decision to launch. Located in the Push- kino district of Moscow it is a quadrangular truncated pyramid 33 metres ft tall with sides metres ft long at the bottom, and 90 metres ft long at the top.

Each of its four faces has an 18 metres 59 ft diameter Ultra high frequency band radar giving degree coverage. The system is run by an Elbrus-2 supercomputer. It has a range of km for targets the size of a typical ICBM warhead. The first radar, in Lekhtusi near St Petersburg, became operational in There is a plan to replace older radars with the Voronezh by The Voronezh radars are described as highly prefabricated meaning that they have a set up time of months rather than years and need fewer personnel than previous generations.

They are also modular so that a radar can be brought into partial operation whilst being incomplete. At the launch of the Kaliningrad radar in November Russian President Dmitry Medvedev was quoted as saying "I expect that this step [the launch of the radar] will be seen by our partners as the first signal of our country's readiness to make an adequate response to the threats which the missile shield poses for our strategic nuclear forces.

Nuclear weapons. Assured nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon systems safety, security, and control remain of paramount importance. Nuclear command and control safety and security also remain of paramount importance as stated in DoDD S Government communi-cations and information systems, which involves information security and cryptanalysis and cryptography.

NSA is a key com-ponent of the U. Intelligence Community, which is headed by the Director of National Intelligence. The Central Security Service is a co-located agency created to co-ordinate intelligence activities and co-operation between NSA and other U. Military cryptanalysis agencies.

Information systems. Assets, personnel and allies in Europe. It is flexible, initially using mobile radars and interceptors mounted on Aegis-equipped Ticonderoga class cruisers and Arleigh Burke class destroyers. This new direction for European missile defense broke with the plans pursued by the Bush administration. The Bush plans had called for deployment of a ground-based missile defen-se system in Europe, similar to the system deployed in California and Alaska.

This included bilateral agreements to station ground-based interceptors in Poland and a radar installation in the Czech Republic. This represented "the first sustained deployment of a ballistic missile defense-capable ship" in support of the European PAA. The SM-3 IA succesfully intercepted a medium-range ballist missile target in its most recent test on February 13, Block IA has a single color seeker, a 21 inch-diameter booster, and is Block IA costs between 9 and 10 million per unit.

Sensors and Combat SystemInitially, the system will use sea-based sensors mounted on the Aegis ships, as well as a forward-based mobile X-band radar on land. The U. So far, seven have been produced, and two are currently deployed in Israel and Japan.

The sensors and interceptors will be brought together under the Aegis combat system. This is a system capable of tracking simultaneous targets. Phase 1 will primarily use Aegis version 3. Interceptors will also be mounted on an increasing number of Aegis BMD ships. In FY, the U. Navy plans to have 32 Aegis BMD ships. This interceptor differs from the Block IA in its "seeker" technology, consisting of a two color seeker, or "kill warhead," and improved optics.

The Block IB is estimated to cost between 12 and 15 million per unit. Sensors and Combat Systems In Phase 2, sensors will be integrated with updated versions of the Aegis combat system. This will supplement the deployments already underway at sea and in Romania and will extend coverage over a greater percentage of Europe.

This new variant will be faster than Block I 4. These faster interceptors could potentially increase coverage to the whole European continent. The program is scheduled to begin flight testing in Improved seeker and optics will be included. Aegis BMD ships are scheduled to be equipped with version 5. Was planned to have an improved seeker and a higher performance booster, with a velocity of According to the Defense Science Board , the SM-3 IIB's planned mission to intercept targets prior to the deployment of multiple warheads or penetration aids — known as "early intercept" — requires "Herculean effort and is not realistically achievable, even under the most optimistic set of deployment, sensor capability, and missile technology assumptions.

Category and DescriptionPresident George W. Bush announced Dec. As of February , the U. The United States also possesses 18 warships equipped with Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense, a system intended to counter short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles as of January Developing and deploying ballistic missile defenses ranked high among the priorities of the George W.

Bush administration.. The administration also aggressively sought foreign partners for the U. Still, the technology remains unproven. Intercept tests have involved substitute components in highly scripted scenarios. In thirteen tests, the Pentagon has hit a mock warhead eight times. In the most recent test, conducted on December 5, , the interceptor successfully destroyed the mock warhead; however, the incoming missile failed to deploy countermeasures meant to fool the interceptor into missing its target.

Pentagon officials acknowledge that the initial system will be rudimentary. But they argue that some defense is better than none at all. In addition, they assert that the only way to conduct more strenuous and realistic testing of the system is to deploy it..

For more than five decades, the United States has intermittently researched and worked on missile defenses. The planned deployment this fall will mark the second time that the United States has moved to deploy a defense against long-range ballistic missiles. The first effort, Safeguard, was shut down within a few months of being declared operational in October because Congress concluded the defense was too expensive and ineffectual.

Missile base located in North Dakota. The Bush administration inherited seven main missile defense programs, including the ground-based missile interceptor system and two related satellite programs. For the most part, the Bush administration continued work on these same programs, although it recast some, cut others, and added new projects. It canceled one sea-based system—the Navy Area Theater Ballistic Missile Defense System—and significantly down-sized a space-based laser initiative, while commencing new efforts to develop interceptors to attack multiple targets and to strike enemy missiles early in their flights.

During the Clinton administration, Republicans repeatedly asserted that the development of working missile defenses was being hindered by a lack of political will, not scientific or engineering challenges.

However, several missile defense programs have fallen further behind schedule and suffered setbacks due to technical difficulties under the Bush administration. An aircraft designed to be armed with a powerful laser—known as the Airborne Laser—is now more than two years behind schedule and may be shelved. One of the two inherited satellite programs has been overhauled and renamed, while the other has far exceeded cost and schedule estimates. In general, the Bush administration reorganized missile defense programs, placing all of them under one big tent the Missile Defense Agency rather than working on each one in isolation.

Nevertheless, the Pentagon maintains individual program offices for each system, albeit with an eye toward sharing technology among the systems and exploring how they might operate together. In addition, the Pentagon is actively pushing to expand some of the earlier theater missile defense programs to try and tackle the strategic mission. ICBMs travel farther, faster, and are more likely to employ countermeasures intended to fool defenses than shorter-range missiles.

The ABM Treaty permitted the development of theater missile defense systems but prohibited work on nationwide strategic defenses. At this time, only the ground-based interceptor system has been tested against strategic ballistic missile targets, although the Pentagon has started to investigate whether some radars and sensors used in theater systems might also be capable of tracking a strategic ballistic missile. Preliminary findings are encouraging, according to the Pentagon, which has declined to provide specific test results.

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